Hypothyroidism: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Hypo thyroid glandal glandism Causes, Effects and TreatmentsHypothyroidism is a condition characterized by ab normally low amount of the thyroid endocrine gland synthesis. This may be cod to a thyroid problem or any early(a) reason. Thyroid ductless gland affects growth, information, and many a(prenominal) cellular processes. Inadequate thyroid endocrine gland has many consequences for the soundbox (1, 2, 3).Thyroid secretor and thyroid ductless gland synthesisThyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It attaches to the thyroid cartilage and trachea. therefore it moves with swallowing. Thyroid gland consists of follicles lined by a cuboidal epithelial cell layer. These follicles filled with colloids.Parafollicular cells situated in between follicular cells which secrete calcitonine (4, 9).Thyroid gland synthesizes generally two horm matchlesss. They ar L-thyroxin/tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).T3 is the active configuration that acts at the cellular level and T4 is the prohormone.Iodide enters the thyroid follicles primarily through a transporter. Thyroid hormone synthesis follows in the follicular space through a series of reactions, many of which be peroxides-mediated. Thyroid hormones stored in the colloid in the follicular space that is consumed from Thymoglobulin by a hydrolysis reaction which occur inside the thyroid cell (4, 5, 8).E.g. Thyroglobulin (Tgb), monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT),Triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) (5).If there is hereditary defect of enzyme in above process, Thyroid hormone synthesis could not occur. So its leads to congenital kings evil and often results in hypothyroidism (6).Regulation of the synthesis of thyroid hormonesThyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by another gland located in the brain called pituitary. In turn the pituitary gland in part regulated by the thyroid hormone via feedback mechanism and other gland called hypothalamus. The hypothalamu s secretes thyrotropin hormone (TRH), which give a signal to the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone ( thyrotrophic hormone). thyrotropic hormone in turn sends a signal to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. If some defect occurs in one of these levels, a lack of payoff of thyroid hormones stinkpot sweat a neediness of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) (4, 5, 8).Hypothalamus TRHdown arrow pituitary- thyrotrophindown arrowThyroid- T4 and T3The rate of thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by the pituitary gland. If there is an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone circulating in the corpse to normal acting, the release of thyrotropic hormone from the pituitary accessiond in order to stimulate more thyroid hormone. However, when there is a large amount of thyroid hormones in circulation, thyrotropin level decreases and pituitary at temporary workerts to reduce the production of thyroid hormone. In people with hypothyroidism hand low levels of circulating thyroid hormones (4, 8).Physiological systemal effects of thyroid hormonescardiovascular system increased cardiac output and heart rate.Skeletal system increased bone turnoer and resorption.Respiratory maintains normal hypoxic and Hypercapnic drive in respiratory centre.Gastrointestinal increases gut motility.Blood increases red blood cell 2, 3-BPG facilitating Oxygen release to tissues.Neuromuscular increases speed of muscle contraction and relaxation and muscle protein turnover. metamorphosis of carbohydrates increases hepatic Gluconeogenesis/glycolysis and intestinal glucose Absorption.Metabolism of lipids increased lipolysis and Cholesterol synthesis and degradation.Sympathetic nervous tissue increases catecholamine Sensitivity and -adrenergic receptor numbers in heart, skeletal muscle, fatty cells and lymphocytes (1, 2, 4, 7, 8).Reduces cardiac -adrenergic receptors.If there is a defect in the synthesis or regulation pathways or thyroid lead to many disord ers. They ar mainly separate in two parts. They atomic number 18 hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and n early on often caused by the development of Graves malady which is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies atomic number 18 produced which stimulate the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. This disease can lead to the development of toxic goiter referable to the growth of the thyroid gland in response to the absence of negative feedback mechanisms. This is manifested by symptoms such as thyroid goiter, protruding eyes (exopthalmos), palpitations, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tilt loss, muscle weakness and unusual sensitivity to heat. Appetite is increased (2, 4, 7).Classification of HypothyroidismHypothyroidism is often var.ified by association with the indicated organ dysfunction (4).Type inventoryPrimaryThyroid glandThe most common forms are H ashimotos thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease and can be occur in radio unity therapy for hyperthyroidism (4, 7, 6).SecondaryPituitary glandOccurs if the pituitary gland does not release enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce enough thyroid hormones. Although not all(prenominal) case of secondary hypothyroidism has a clear-cut case, it is usually caused by alter to the pituitary gland, as by a tumor, radiation, or surgery. Secondary hypothyroidism accounts for less than 5% or 10% of hypothyroidism cases (4, 7, 6).TertiaryHypothalamusResults when the hypothalamus fails to produce sufficientThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH prompts the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Hence may alike be termed hypothalamic-pitu(4,7,6)AutoimmuneAtrophic (autoimmune) hypothyroidism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism and the associated with antithyroid auto antibodies leads to lymphoid infiltration Cancer and eventually atrophy and fibrosis. It has been six Times more common in women and the incidence increaseswith age. This can be associated with other autoimmune Diseases such as pernicious anemia, vitiligo and other endocrine disorders. In some cases, sporadic Hypothyroidism occurs when recovering from illness, antibodies which block the TSH receptor can sometimes be involvedin the etiology(5, 7, 10).Hashimotos thyroiditis.This form of autoimmune thyroiditis, again, more common in women and the most common in the late. The average age is atrophic changes with regeneration, leading to the formation of goiter. This may be usually firm and Rubber scarce can set out from soft to hard. TPO antibodies very(prenominal) high amount (1000 IU / L). Patients can be euthyroid or hypothyroid, but they can pass throughthe initial phase of the toxic Hashi toxicity, Levothyroxine therapy. The goiter may reduce the even if the patient does not Hypothyroid (7, 8, 10).Postpartum thyroiditis.Typicall y, this is a temporary phenomenon Observed after pregnancy. It can cause hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism or the two sequences. It is believed to cause changes in the immune system necesnecessary.In case of pregnancy, and histologically lymphocytic thyroiditis.The process is usually self-limiting, but when Conventional antibodies are there is a strong bump this procedure of permanent hypothyroidism. Postpartum Thyroiditis may be misdiagnosed as postnatal depression. Thyroid function test is done to detect this situation (4, 7).Defects in hormone synthesisIodine privation. Dietary iodine deficiency still exists in some areas as endemic goiter where goiter, occasionally massive is common. Patients may be euthyroid or hypothyroidism depending on the severity of iodine deficiency. The mechanism is considered borderline hypothyroidismleading to TSH stimulation and thyroid enlargement against iodine deficiency continues (47). Iodine deficiency is this still a problem in the Netherlands, the Western Pacific and South. East Asia for example, the mountainous regions of the Himalayas and Africa. Some countries affected by iodine deficiency, for example, China and Kazakhstan take measures providing iodinein salt, but others, such as Russia, bind not yet done so. Of The 500 million with iodine deficiency in India about 2 million suffering from cretinism.Dyshormonogenesis is a rare disease is due to genetics. Defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, patients Develop hypothyroidism with goiter. One particular family Form is associated with sensorineural auditory modality loss due to the removal Mutation of chromosome 7, resulting in a defect Transporter Pendrin (Pendred syndrome author) (4, 5).Hypothyroidism causes many symptoms. The term myxedema refers to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides.In the subcutaneous tissue. The unpolluted pictures are Slow in working, dry hair, thick-skinned, deep voice, Weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and constipation. These characteristics make the diagnosis easy. Milder symptoms, however, more common and difficult to distinguish from other causes Nonspecific tiredness. many an(prenominal) of the cases on the biochemical detection (4, 6, 7)ScreeningParticular difficulties in diagnosis may occur in certain circumstancesChildren with hypothyroidism may not classical Properties, but often have a slow growth rate, poor School performance and sometimes arrests of pubertal Development. youthful women with hypothyroidism may not confront obvious signs. Hypothyroidism is excluded in all Patients with oligomenorrhea / amenorrhea, Menorrhagia, sterileness and hyperprolactinemia.the elderly show many clinical features that are difficult Distinct from normal aging (7, 10, 11).Investigation of radical hypothyroidismThe Serum TSH is the scrutiny of choice, a high TSH level Confirmed primary hypothyroidism. A low free T4 level confirms the hypothyroidism is (and is in addition all-important(a) for TSH to close a deficiency and clinical hypothyroidism is strongly suspectedand TSH is normal or low).Thyroid and other organ-specific antibodies are present (7,10).Other exceptions are the followersAnemia, usually normochromic and normocytic In type but can macrocytic (sometimes this is by Associated pernicious anemia) or microcytic (in women, By menorrhagia)increased serum aspartate transferase levels, from Muscle and / or colorful-coloredincreased serum creatine kinase levels, with associated myopathyHypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemiaHyponatremia due to an increase in ADH and reduced drop water clearance (7, 10).TreatmentReplacement therapy with levothyroxine (thyroxin, that is to say, T4) is selective information for life. The starting treat go out depend upon the severity of the failure and the age and condition of the patient, in particular their cardiac function 100g per day during the Young and fit, 50g (up to 100g after 2-4 weeks) for the small, old or weak. Patie nts with ischemic heart disease Illness an even lower initial demigod, especially if the Hypothyroidism is a severe and prolonged. Most doctorsWould then start with daily 25g and performing serial ECG, increasing the dose at 3 to 4-week intervals as angina Not occur or worsen and the ECG is not Deteriorate(8,10,11).MonitoringThe goal is to recover well within T4 and TSH The normal range. The sufficiency of the replacement is reviewed Clinical and thyroid function tests after at least 6 weeks at a constant dose. If serum TSH remains high, the dose of T4 Should is increased in increments of 25-50 g the tests Repeated 6-8 week intervals until TSH returns to normal. Complete suppression of TSH should be avoided atrial fibrillation and the risk of infection of osteoporosis. The usual The Maintenance dose is 100 to 150 g administered as a single daily Dose. An annual thyroid function test is recommended this is usually done in the counterbalance line, often assisted and in respons e to the district thyroid registers (5, 8, 11).Clinical improvement T4 cannot start 2 weeks or more and complete resolution of symptoms 6 months. The need for lifelong therapy should be emphasized and the possibility of other autoimmune endocrine disease development, Especially Addisons disease or pernicious anemia,Should be considered. During pregnancy, an increase of T4 Dosage of about 25-50g is often necessary to maintain normal TSH and the need for replacement during optimal. Pregnancy is highlighted by the finding of the reduction of cognitive function in children of mothers with fantastic TSH during pregnancy. A few patients with primary hypothyroidism complainincomplete symptomatic response to T4 replacement. Combination T4 and T3 replacement is advocated in this Context, but randomized clinical trials show no consistent Benefit from the quality of life symptoms (4, 8). Borderline hypothyroidism or Compensated euthyroidism Patients are often seen with a low-normal serum T4 levels and slightly elevated TSH values. Sometimes this follows surgery or radioactive iodine therapy when it can be reasonably seen as compensatory. Treatment with levothyroxine is normally recommended where the TSH is consistently above 10 mu / L, or if possible symptoms, high titers of thyroid Antibodies or lipid abnormalities are present (4, 8, 10).When the TSH is only marginally increased, the tests must be repeated three to six Months later. Conversion to overt hypothyroidism is more common in men or TPO antibodies are present inPractice, dimmed symptoms in patients with marginal Elevated TSH (less than 10 mu / L) rarely responds to treatment, However, a therapeutic trial of substitution may be required to confirm that the symptoms are not related to the thyroid gland(4,8,10).It is likewise is considered to be the surmount time (TSH level normalization, the ideal case, the former)Pregnancy, in order to avoid the side effects of the fetus.Myxedema asphyxia severe hypothyro idism, especially in the elderly, may be with confusion and even coma. Myxedema coma is very rare. Low temperature is often there, the patient may have severe heart failure, hypoventilation, hypoglycemia, and hyponatriemia.The shell treatment Controversial, there is no data, most doctors recommend T3 oral or intravenous injection, a dose of 2, and 5-5 grams every 8 hours then, such as the above-mentioned increase. High-dose intravenous cannot be used (4, 7, 8). Other measures, although there is no proof of IncludeOxygen (by ventilation if necessary)monitoring of cardiac output and pressureGradual warmingHydrocortisone 100 mg intravenously 8-hourGlucose infusion to avoid hypoglycemia.Myxedema madness Depression is common in hypothyroidism but rarely with severe hypothyroidism in the elderly can the patient be said demented or psychotic, sometimes with prominent delusions. This may occur shortly after starting T4 replacement (6, 5).Screening for hypothyroidismthe incidence of congeni tal hypothyroidism is Approximately 1 in 3500 births. Untreated, severe Hypothyroidism produces permanent neurological and Intellectual damage (cretinism). Routine screening of the impertinentborn with a bloodstain, like Guthrie test, a high TSH level as an indicator of primary detecting Hypothyroidism is efficient and embody effective cretinism is prevented if T4 is started within the first few months of life.screening of elderly patients for thyroid dysfunction a low pick-up rate and is controversial and not currently recommended. However, patients who have undergone Thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine should receive Regular thyroid function tests, should be as those who Lithium or amiodarone therapy (6, 5).Signs and symptomsearly hypothyroidism is often asymptomatic, can have very mild symptoms. Subclinical hypothyroidism normal levels of thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodo thyroxin (T3), moderate to high thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) conditions. TSH and low free T4 at a higher level the symptoms are more obvious in clinical hypothyroidism (4, 6, 5).Hypothyroidism may be associated with the hobby symptomsEarlycold intolerance, increased sensitivity to coldConstipationweight gain, water retentionbradycardia (low heart rate less than 65 times per minute) frighten offdecreased sweatingMuscle cramps and joint paindry, itchy skinthin, brittle nailsQuick thoughtsDepressionmuscle tension difference (hypotonia)female infertility and problems in the menstrual cycleHyperprolactinemia and galactorrheaelevated serum cholesterol(10,11)Lategoiterslow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice deepening of the voice can also be noticed. Reinke edema.Dry puffy skin, especially in the face polishedning of the outer third of the eyebrows (sign of Hertoghe)Menstrual cycle abnormalitiesLow basal body temperaturethyroid related depression(10,11)UncommonImpaired recollectionImpaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness.A sl ow heart rate with ECG changes including low potential signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractilityslow reflexesYellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A (carotoderma)Difficulty swallowing(dysphagia)Shortness of breath with a school and slow respiratory pattern(dyphnea)myxedema madness (a rare presentation)Decreased libido due to impairment of testicular testosterone synthesisGynecomastia(enlarge breast tissue)Loss of hearing(10,11)Diagnosisthyroid function testthe only validation test diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (T4) level. However, these levels can be varying without thyroid disease (10, 11).High TSH levels, the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone levels (primarily thyroxin (T4) and a small amount of iodine Thyroid three original leucine (T3)). However, measuring just TSH can diagnose secondary and tertiary thyroid function loss, resulting in the following recommended a blood test, if the TSH is normal hypothyroidism remains skeptical(10,11).Free triiodothyronine (ft3)Free thyroxin (ft4)Total T3Total T4Additionally, the following measurements may be neededFree T3 from 24-hour urine catchAntithyroid antibodies for evidence of autoimmune diseases that may be damaging the thyroid glandSerum cholesterol which may be elevated in hypothyroidismProlactin as a widely available test of pituitary functionTesting for anemia, including ferritinBasal body temperature(4,8,10)Exams and TestsA physical examination may reveal a smaller than normal thyroid gland, although sometimes the gland is normal size or even enlarged (goiter). The examination may also revealBrittle nailsCoarse facial featuresPale or dry skin, which may be cool to the touchSwelling of the arms and legsThin and brittle hairA chest x-ray may show an enlarged heart (12, 13).Laboratory tests to determine thyroid function embarrassTSH testT4 test(10,12,13)Lab tests may al so revealAnemia on a complete blood count (CBC)Increased cholesterol levelsIncreased liver enzymesIncreased prolactinLow sodium(8,13)TreatmentThe treatment of hypothyroidism is levorotatory forms of thyroxin (thyroid hormone) (L-T4) and triiodo thyroxin liothyronine (L-T3). Thyroxin is a name, and in the USA, the most common form of thyroxin tablets. Thyroxin is a doctor of the most common drugs, wherein a synthetic thyroid hormone predetermined. This medicine can improve symptoms of thyroid deficiency such as speech delay, lack of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, cold sprightlinessing. This will also help in the treatment of goiter. It can also be used to treat certain types of thyroid cancer, surgery and other medicines. Both synthetic and animal thyroid tablets available, and may be required in patients with the amplificational thyroid hormone (8, 10). Daily doses of thyroid hormone, doctors can monitor blood pressure, in order to help ensure that the correct dose. Thy roxin is the best 30-60 minutes before breakfast, because some foods can reduce absorption. Calcium can interfere with absorption levothryoxine. Compared with water, the coffee can be reduced about 30% of the absorption of thyroxin. Some patients may be anti-thyroxin, in fact, they do not have good absorption sheet to solve the problem by spraying. There are several different treatment options for thyroid replacement therapy (8, 10, 12, 13).T4 only such treatment methods include supplementary levothyroxin separately, a synthetic form. This is the current stock treatment of mainstream medicine.A combination of T4 and T3 in This treatment method involves the combination simultaneously manage two synthetic L-T4 and L-T3 (8, 10, 11). dried-out thyroid extractDried thyroid extract is an animal thyroid extract the most common is from porcine sources. It is also a combination therapy, containing a natural form of L-T4 and L-T3. traffic with controversialT4 T3 generation has been investig ating the potential benefits, but has proved to be no conclusive combination therapy benefit. Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines in 2002, the clinical biochemical state of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences during pregnancy L-T4 dose should be increased (usually 50 micrograms / day) maintained at 0.5 2.0 mIU / L and serum serum TSH FT4 within the normal reference interval the upper third.Doctors tend to assume that if your TSH is in the normal range, sometimes defined as high as 5.5 MIU / L has no effect on fertility. But there is an approximately 1.0 MIU / L, TSH level in healthy pregnant women (8, 12, 13)Subclinical hypothyroidismthere are a series of biochemical and point thyroxin treatment, the typical treatment of hypothyroidism symptoms views. Reference range has been debated. As of 2003, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (ACEE) that within the normal range of 0.3-3.0 MIU /L.There is always an excess risk of hyperthyroidism. Some studies suggest th at subclinical hypothyroidism does not require treatment. In 2007, the Cochrane Collaboration, a meta-analysis found that, in addition to the no benefit of thyroid hormone replacement lipids and left ventricular function in 2002 meta-analysis checks whether subclinical hypothyroidism may increase the risk of heart disease increase, some of the parameters previously thought, a slight increase, and recommended to be updated for the current recommendations for further researchwith the end point of coronary heart disease (11, 12, 13).Replacement therapyThe continuative has been a slow release combination of T3 and T4, supporters will be able to thyroid dysfunction symptoms and functional quality of life. This is still a matter of debate, refused by the traditional medical community (3, 8, 10).Remember, the important thing when are taking thyroid hormone areDo not stop taking the drugs, and when you feel better. Continue the medication completely guidance of a doctor.If change the brand of thyroid drugs, let doctor know. levels may need to be checked.Some dietary changes can change your body absorb thyroid drugs. Contact your doctor, if you eat a lot of soy products, or in the high-fiber diet.Thyroid medicine best on an empty stomach, and if any other drugs before one hour.Do not take the thyroid hormone supplement fiber, calcium, iron, multivitamins, aluminum hydroxide, sulfuric superman agent, cholesterol, or in combination with a bile acid drugs(4,13).Start taking replacement therapy, the doctor tells, if there are symptoms of increased thyroid bodily process (hyperthyroidism), such asPalpitationsRapid weight lossRestlessness or shakinessSweatingMyxedema coma is a medical emergency the thyroid hormone the body becomes very low. Intravenous replacement thyroid hormone and steroids. Some patients may need support therapy (oxygen, breathing assistance, fluid replacement) and intensive sympathize with (8, 10, 11).Outlook (prognosis)in most cases, thyroid levels to normal, and appropriate treatment. However, thyroid hormone replacement for the rest of life.Myxedema coma can result in death (12, 13). manageable complicationsHypothyroidism, myxedema coma, the most severe form is rare. This can be caused by contagion, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications in untreated hypothyroidism (12, 13).The symptoms and signs of myxedema coma includeroom temperatureReduce breathinglow blood pressureHypoglycemiaunresponsiveOther complications includeHeart diseaseIncreased risk of infectionInfertilityAbortion(8,12,13)Untreated hypothyroidism are at increased riskgave birth to birth defectsheart disease, the higher the level of LDL (bad cholesterol)heart failure similarly much thyroid hormone treatment are at risk of angina or a heart attack, as well as the risk of osteoporosis(the bone thinning)(11,12,13).Network Management System Light Weight SNMP death penaltyNetwork Management System Light Weight SNMP ImplementationChapter 6ImplementationIni tially the coffee tree (JDK 1.6) and Netbeans IDE 5.4 should be installed in a system. Then the SNMP4J API should be added to the Netbeans library. The Mysql-JDBC sever should be added to the library for using the database purpose. Then the SNMP is tested in the very(prenominal) system for working condition, afterwards the destination devices are enabled with SNMP agent and are tested. The system should have the requirements as follows.6.1 About NetBeansNetBeans IDE is a developer shaft of light for industriousness development technologies. The IDE includes a multi-language editor, Profiler, Debugger and also tools for developer requirement. The IDE provides templates to create Java EE, Java SE, and Java ME applications. A variety of technologies and good examples are supported. The language-aware editor detects errors spell you type and suggest user with reinforcement popups and smart cypher completion with the speed and simplicity. To identify and solve problems in your a pplications, such as deadlocks and memory leaks, the IDE provides a feature rich debugger and profiler.When user is examination applications, it provides tools for Testing, as well as decree analyzers and, in particular, integration with the popular open source Error detecting tool.NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) for developing primarily with Java, but also with other languages, in particular PHP,C/C++, and HTML5. It is also an application course of study framework for Java desktop applications and others. The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and can run on Windows, OS X, Linux, Solaris and other platforms supporting a compatible JVM. The NetBeans Platform allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi), a Java IDE student project under the guidance of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague. In 1997 Roman Stank formed a company around the project and produced commercial versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by lie Microsystems in 1999. Sun opensourced the NetBeans IDE in June of the following year. Since then, the NetBeans community has continued to grow. In 2010, Sun (and thus NetBeans) was acquired by Oracle.6.1.1 NetBeans PlatformThe NetBeans Platform is a reusable framework for simplifying the development of Java jolt desktop applications. The NetBeans IDE bundle for Java SE contains what is needed to start developing NetBeans plugins and NetBeans Platform based applications no additional SDK is required. Applications can install modules dynamically.Any application can include the Update Center module to allow users of the application to download signed upgrades and newly features directly into the running application. Reinstalling an upgrade or a new release does not force users to download the entire application again. The platform offers reusable services common to desktop applications , allowing developers to focus on the logic specific to their application. Among the features of the platform areUser interface management (e.g. menus and toolbars).User settings management.Storage management (saving and loading any kind of data).Window management.Wizard framework (supports step-by-step dialogs).NetBeans Visual Library.Integrated development tools.NetBeans IDE is a free, open-source, cross-platform IDE with built-in-support for Java Programming Language.6.1.2 NetBeans IDENetBeans IDE is an open-source integrated development environment. NetBeans IDE supports development of all Java application types (Java SE(including JavaFX), Java ME, web, EJB and mobile applications) out of the box.Modularity totally the functions of the IDE are provided by modules. Each module provides a well defined function, such as support for the Java language, editing, or support for the CVS versioning system, and SVN. NetBeans contains all the modules needed for Java development in a single download, allowing the user to start working immediately. Modules also allow NetBeans to be extended. newly features, such as support for other programme languages, can be added by installing additional modules. For instance, Sun Studio, Sun Java Studio Enterprise, and Sun Java Studio Creator from Sun Microsystems are all based on the NetBeans IDE.6.2 Platform selectionJava is an reject oriented application programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s.Java application is typically compiled to byte code, although compilation to native machine code is also possible. At runtime, byte code is usually either interpreted or compiled to native code for execution, although direct hardware execution of byte code by a java processor is also possible. The version of java used to run the application is JDK1.6.This is because the APIs used in this application specifies this requirement.6.2.1 Reasons for Using JavaJava was chosen as the programming language because o f its versatility. It is an object oriented programming language with the following important features.a) Platform Independent-The concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the platform independent) is one of the important key feature of java language that makes java as the most powerful language. The programs written on one platform can run on any platform provided the platform must have the JVM.b) Simple There are various features that make the java as a simple language. Programs are easy to import and debug because java does not use the pointers explicitly. Java provides the bug free system due to the strong memory management. It also has the automatic memory allotment and de-allocation system.c) Robust Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection mechanism. It provides the powerful exception handling and type checking mechanism as analyse to other programming languages. Compiler checks the program whether there are any errors and interpreter che cks any run time error and makes the system secure from crash. All of the above features make the java language robust.d) Distributed The widely used protocols like HTTP and FTP are developed in java. Internet programmers can call functions on these protocols and can get access the files from any remote machine on the internet rather than writing codes on their local system.e) Portable The feature Write-once-run-anywhere makes the java language portable provided that the system must have interpreter for the JVM. Java also has the standard data size irrespective of operating system or the processor. These features make the java as a portable language.f) Dynamic While executing the java program the user can get the required files dynamically from a local drive or from a computer thousands of miles away from the user just by connecting with the Internet.g) Secure Java does not use memory pointers explicitly. All the programs in java are run under an area known as the sand box. Secu rity manager determines the accessibility options of a class like reading and writing a file to the local disk. Java uses the public key encryption system to allow the java applications to transmit over the internet in the secure encrypted form. The byte code verifier checks the classes after loading.h) Performance Java uses native code usage, and lightweight process called threads. In the beginning interlingual rendition of byte code resulted in the slow performance but the advance version of JVM uses the adaptive and just in time compilation technique that improves the performance.i) Multithreaded Java is also a multithreaded programming language. Multithreading means a single program having different threads executing independently at the same time. Multithreading programming is a very interesting concept in Java. In multithreaded programs not even a single thread disturbs the execution of other thread.j) Architecture Neutral The Java compiling program generates byte code ins tructions, to be easily interpreted on any machine and to be easily translated into native machine code on the fly. The compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format to enable a Java application to execute anywhere on the network and then the compiled code is executed on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime system.6.3 About SNMPSimple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an applicationlayer protocolusedfor exchanging management information between network devices.SNMP is one of the widely accepted protocols to manage and monitor network elements. Most of the professionalgrade network elements come with bundled SNMP agent.In the following figure the SNMP manager, SNMP agents and MIBs (Management information base) are the major parts of architecture. Here the manager will send the get-next request for particular OID (object identifier) to the agent. The SNMP agent will retrieve the information from the MIB for a particular OID and will send the resp onse to the manager. If any warning message occurs in the agent side, agent will send the trap notifications to manager.6.4 Use of APIThe SNMP4J API should be added correctly to the tool which the user is using in the project. It may be eclipse or Netbeans. Basically the APIs which needed in our project are JFreechart, Mysql and the SNMP4J.JFreechart APIs are added into the tool by their jar files, it should contain the JCommon and JFreechart JAR files and the documentation. These should be added into the library here. Mysql JDBC Connector JAR files should be added into the library for using the database.6.5 Modules of projectA) The following code snippet explains how the set of all the IP address and MAC address are retrieved for the given input switch. That is the all the devices connected to the particular switch is retrieved and stored.for (i = 0 i Node nodSwi = nodesSwi.item(i)if (nodSwi.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) Element element = (Element) nodSwiString MacAddress = x java.getValue(MacAddr, element)String MacAddressEnd = xjava.getValue(MacAddrEnd, element)out.println()out.println(SL no)out.println(IP Address)out.println(MAC Binding)stroid_result = MacAddressdo stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(.) + 20, stroid_result.length())ipA = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(.) + 1, temp.indexOf(=))MacAddr = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(=) + 2, temp.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(MacAddressEnd)) out.println( + ++i + )out.println( + ipA + )out.println( + MacAddr + ) slice (stroid_result.contains(MacAddressEnd))out.println()out.println()out.println()B) The following code is typed and tested in the JSP file. Here the connectivity discovery module is explained and the connection between the ports and the devices are identified.stroid_result = MacAddressdo stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, por t)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(.) + 20, stroid_result.length())ipA = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(.) + 1, temp.indexOf(=))MacAddr = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(=) + 2, temp.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(MacAddress))//Port Indexobjip_MacResultindex = new ClsOid_Input_Rslt()objip_MacResultindex.Str_Macaddress = MacAddrobjip_MacResultindex.Str_Ip = ipAm++index++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacAddrEnd))/*TO GET MAC ADDRESS AND PORT COUNT*/do stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Mac))//Port Indexcount++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacEnd))ClsOid_Input_Rslt objMac_PortResultobjMac_PortResult = new ClsOid_Input_Rsltcount/*TO GET MAC ADDRESS AND PORT */do stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipA ddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Mac))objMac_PortResultindex = new ClsOid_Input_Rslt()objMac_PortResultindex.Str_Mac = tempm++index++if (stroid_result.contains(PortNum))if (index n)index = (n 1)objMac_PortResultindex.Str_PortNum = tempn++index++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacEnd))HashMap map = new HashMap()/* TO GET IPADDRESS, MACADDRESS AND PORTS */out.println()out.println(IP ADDRESSPORT NUMBER)for (int Macportcount = 0 Macportcount String Macaddress = new String()String MacPort = new String()MacPort = objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_Macfor (int IpMaccount = 0 IpMaccount Macaddress = objip_MacResultIpMaccount.Str_Macaddressif (MacPort.equals(Macaddress))if (map.containsKey(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum)) map.put(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum, objip_MacResultIpMaccount.Str_Ip) e lse map.remove(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum)map.put(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum, uplink)Set set = map.entrySet()for (Map.Entry me set)out.println( + me.getValue() + )out.println( + me.getKey() + )out.println()out.println()out.println()C) The following code is to explain about the device type discovery of the network. The device type and the switch type are identified using this code.stroid_result = Servicestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddipCount, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (temp.contains(7) temp.contains(6))out.println(Switch Type L3 ) else out.println(Switch Type L2 )/*code for Type of Switch ENDS*//* the device type discovery code starts from here*/stroid_result = namestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)if (stroid_result.indexOf(=) 0) out.println()stroid_result = printstroid_res ult = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(print)) out.println()out.println() else stroid_result = Numberofuserstroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Numberofuser)) out.println()out.println() else out.println()out.println()stroid_result = namestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())out.println( + temp + )out.println()out.println()6.6 Execution partHere JDK 1.6 with Netbeans 6.9.1 tool is used, SNMP API(SNMP4J) 11, and Jfreechart for graphical representation. The system is developed and tested on Red Hat Linux 5.4 operating system with 2.80-GHz, Intel Pentium 4 central processing unit with 512 MB RAM.The approach is tested in the subnet of a network or can say t hat department of an organisation. In this subnet found number of devices connected to the switches, their expand and also the connection between them. These are tested multiple times and physically verified. The problem we faced is that some devices are having multiple Mac Addresses so it is difficult for the system to find the connectivity of the device to port. Except this everything is working well enough. The major thing done is when the device is not supporting for SNMP then act to get the details of that system by ICMP echo requests.The time taken to discover the devices connected to switch are compared with the previous research. And it is very less compared to other research. In very short time nearly 8-9 seconds we can discover all the devices connected to the switch in the network.