The abortion debate Essay Example for Free

The abortion debate EssayAbortion, the premature expulsing of an unborn child from the womb, is unmatched of the most hotly debated erupts of our time. On one side of the lineage there is the pro-choice community who believe that abortion should be available to all women, and on the some other there is the pro-life community who believe that it is the gain of an innocent world. Deciding what side is correct depends on an individuals religious, scientific and ethical views. Key issues implicate the moral status of the unborn child, and whether its proper(a)s surmount the mothers. In examining this multifaceted debate, a good place to start is the Christian perspective.Many of the early church fathers had an existentialist view, where the foetus progressively becomes a person over time. Some are influenced by St Thomas Aquinas who identified the hour of quickening as the decision point of development. This key moment is also significant for the formation of the brain and the first appearance of the human icon, when the foetus begins to look like a human being. Personhood is the main issue here. Humans are beings with human tissue, just persons must relieve oneself moral status. For example, a baby without a brain could be regarded as a human but non a person. The question of whether or not abortion is gain depends on your definition of personhood. With todays scientific advancements most Christians no longer accept the views of Aquinas and Aristotle on abortion. Dr. Landrum Shettles, sometimes called the father of In Vitro Fertilization, wrote, Conception confers life and makes that life one of a kind.As with all issues, Christian turn to the Bible to defend their position. Christians believe in the sanctity of life, meaning that all human life is created in Gods image and has native worth. The most important verse they turn to is part of the Decalogue do not kill. At face value this whitethorn include abortion, but on the other hand, it doesn t cover the killing of animals or killing in battle. It may not be as absolute as Christians make out. Other verses include an instance in Luke when John the Baptist recognised the presence of Jesus before he was born this suggests that unborn children are alive and have a detail of awareness before they are born. To quote John Calvin, If it seems more horrible to kill a man in his own house, then in a fieldit ought surely to be deemed more atrocious to destroy a foetus in the womb before it has come to light.Christian opinion is split between liberal and conservative perspectives. Conservative churches such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Free Presbyterian Church are against abortion. They believe abortion is murder of the innocent and have respect for human life right from conception. The Catholic Church has an essentialist view of abortion that does not allow for exceptional fortune, even rape. In the Humanae Vitae of 1968 Pope Pius VI said, human life is sacred. This was followed up with the Declaration on Procured Abortion, 1974, where it states that womens rights, though good in themselves, cannot be an excuse for abortion when it denies other person the fundamental right to life.On the other hand, some churches have more liberal views. The Methodist Church of Ireland released a document in 2012 that outlines their reward for abortion in some items when the mothers life is at guess when her mental or physical health is at risk in cases of rape and incest and fatal foetal abnormalities. They believe that their view is the most compassionate towards both the mother and child. They do, however, emphasise that they are against abortion on demand. The crux of the matter of the document is that while Christians may not agree with abortion, we should respect the separation of church and state when it comes to abortion law.Moving on, abortion is a situation of unlike rights many that are pro-choice believe that the rights of the mother are more imp ortant than the rights of the child. Proponents of situation ethics would believe that we should look at the circumstances bum an abortion, not the morality of the act. The Church of Englands position that abortion is evil but may be the lesser of two evils is consistent with a situationist approach. Difficult circumstances include when a woman has been raped. There are traumatic and involuntary circumstances surrounding the conception and the continuance of this unwanted pregnancy may tumesce continue the trauma for the mother and her existing family. The foetus should have no claim on the woman unless the woman has consented fully to being pregnant. Another circumstance where a proponent of situation ethics would patronise abortion is if the mothers life is at risk surely it is better to save one life than lose two.Natural law would generally prohibit abortion. Supporters of this theory see the act of sexual intercourse as an efficient cause that brings some the final cause o f the production of a human being. Abortion prevents the final cause from being achieved and is therefore immoral. However, there is the doctrine of double effect. While it may be morally permissible to perform a good action that may have a bad outcome, it is morally impermissible to perform a bad action with a good outcome. The theory of natural law states that you are only responsible for the immediate consequences of your actions, but not for secondary or unintended effects of your action. An example of this could be abortion it may permit indirect therapeutic abortion (such as treating cancer, which may cause death of the foetus) but not direct therapeutic abortion.Prolife Christians often use the acronym SLED when arguing against abortion. This stands for size, level of development, environment and dependency. Starting with size, pro-lifers argue that it is wrong to discriminate against the unborn cod to their size. Level of development means that the only difference between t he unborn and us is that they are not as developed, but the toddler is not as developed as the adult. This does not mean the toddler is any less. Environment refers to the fact that just because the unborn is within the uterus, that does not mean it has no rights. wherefore should a 7-inch journey down the birth canal make a difference? Finally, dependency means that just because the unborn is dependent on its mother, it does not imply it should be allowed to be killed. A disabled person may be dependent on others but this does not mean we have the right to kill them.Abortion is much more likely to be supported within the secular realm. Ethicists such as Singer have a useful view of abortion. Singer hold to Preference Utilitarianism which promotes that the preferences of individuals are taken into account except where they come into direct conflict with the preferences of others. For example, if the foetus was diagnosed with a fatal geometrical irregularity abortion may be the op tion that would cause the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people. If the parents go through with the pregnancy they will have to suffer the trauma of watching their infant die, or go through a stillbirth.Feminists are usually on the front line in the make out for reproductive rights. They believe women and men are not truly equal until a woman has access to abortion on demand. Some would even support viewing abortion as little more than a method of contraception. A notable feminist is Judith Thomson, author of A Defence of Abortion, uses cabbage analogies to promote abortion. One of these is the violinist scenario. In this scenario a woman finds herself involuntarily chained to a famous violinist in a hospital. The violinist is decease and the woman was discovered to have the correct blood type to save him. Therefore she was kidnapped and is now acting as a life support. Thomson asserts that the woman has no moral obligation to remain connected to the violi nist, and if she did it would be an extraordinary act of kindness. However, Singer claims that a utilitarian outlook would imply that one is morally oblige to stay connected to the violinist.Ultimately, in countries where abortion is legal abortion should be the choice of the mother. However, abortion is not without its dangers, such as damage to the uterus as well as depression and guilt. With this in mind, abortion may not be as safe as many believe.

Diversity at Barclays Bank Essay Example for Free

conversion at Barclays Bank EssayThere atomic number 18 four turn over moveing Banks in UK, Barclays Bank is wholeness of the leading banks. Barclays Bank considers honest prompting an atmosphere or environment where kind is highly respected and accepted. miscellany as defined by (Dictionary, 2009) is said to be the reality or standard of being versatile (Rajan Amin, 2003) Says salmagundi contains personal individuality explained by age, ethnicity, gender, disability, religion, familiar position. These differences are established and guarded by fair play. Diversity in workplace can also be viewed has the difference in qualities and attributes in people on the job(p) in an physical composition. Diversity in workplace can have positive influence in efficient and smooth running of an organisation and can make believe chaos between the employees if non administered properly.In 1963 Late President of USA, John Kennedy met with the Americans leaders to discuss about (Dr achsler, 2013) the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act which was do law on June 19 of 1964 to focus on Equal opportunity commission and affirmative action and policies, which made the organisations, focus more on righteous complying on legislation imposed by law, it moved to another stage during the early mid-eighties to incorporate minors and women into work force in the late 1980s it moved from just complying to rules and regulations and focuses more on occupation survival. In the late 1990s there is much shift from complying to laws and to focus on incorporating women and minors into custody to including everyone in the workforce to know the differences in severally employee in the workforce and to be sensitised about the needs and distinctions of others.Now in this century Diversity has shifted attention to inclusion body and diversity to increase the efficiency, profitability, wide scope and all factors that can lead to business success. There are two types of workforce d iversity Surface level diversity and deep level diversity 1. Surface level diversity as defined by (Kenneth worth H, 2002) as distinctions to each of more members of a team in an overt demographic feature. It is also said to be the different features in workforce that can be seen and discover such Age, Gender, Religion, and Ethnicity. Marital status was also listed as an factors to be considered as a surface level diversity and all these aforementioned examples of surface level diversityare quantifiable2. Deep level diversity is defined as distinctions between values, personality and preferences in work. It also defined by (Kenneth Price H, 2002) as the predetermined distinctions among members of a team personalities included psychological characteristics, values and attitudes. They factors here can only be felt and cannot be seen they are serve they cannot be quantified. There are benefits derived from workforce diversity, In Employee prudence they make good utilization of tale nts, improved quality of team problem- solution efforts and strength to rip and retain employees organisations benefits. In Strategic problem solving skills such as prospective to improve sales volume and to increase market cracking base of the organisation, good ethical behaviours ( knowing the right thing to do) . In Organisational Operation they derive good team spirit among the employees, good problem solving strength and lowering cost that is connected to absenteeism and law suits.Diversity is a two edged sword (Chrobot-Mason, 2013) which means it has positive and negative advantage. There are challenges to workforce diversity such as communication in multicultural environments has mentioned by (Fatima Oliviera, july 2013) and diversity involves not only how employees see themselves but how they see others. That acumen affects the way they interact. (Sreedhar, 2011) Highlighted that there is need for professionals in tender-hearted resource department to consider and admin ister effectively with issues of change, communication and adaptability. (CHUA, 2013) Also discussed that as organisations become more culturally diverse, conflicts and tensions are bound to happen among employees or people that are from different cultural backgrounds.With all these above mentioned merits and demerits I think diversity is the management of differences in employees effectively and eliminating conflicts that might arise afterwards. Barclays has the believe that to be among the first four leading banks in the world they need a rock steadfast diversity and inclusion strategy programme and policy to be in place to give them a huge advantage among their rivals in the banking sector . They started by knowing that the foundation of their success is in the talented people they employ, whatsoever lifestyle, age, personality, religion, race, disability, gender or sexual orientation. Barclays focuses on six principal areas of diversityGender- is the most important of Barclays diversity and inclusion policy, promoted by the Barclays executive diversity group and it was aimed at increasing the number of women in the senior roles by doing all that is realizable to make women in the organisation fulfil their career potential with Barclays increasing womanish portrayal to at least 20% by the end of uttermost year and rising more to more than 25% by 2015 at the board level. Recruiting is based on merit, and gender diversity is considered seriously when exerting talents across the globe, from the next leader programmes to the most senior recruit and they do make sure that all those that provide recruitment support, supports the vision to lure in diverse candidates just about the world. However, other banks all over the globe have innovated Womens Initiative Networks but the Barclays Women of the year award identifies talented personal and Professional attainment from female employees globally, as well as identifying male employee who champion and be of sup port to female career development. DisabilityBarclays has shown commitment to being a disability self- cognizant organisation. Their aim is to lure more highly expertise people, aid disabilities or health defect by making available the equipment and accommodation that enable their employee to be outstanding. Awareness of employee with disability is giving the Bank to recognise modern ways of making products, service and facilities available to everyone an illustration the organisation run disability listen groups, the forum provides staffs with disability with the chance to meet with high level employee and give materials into calculated transformation to improve the working society.Generational diversityRecognising generational diversity in workplace adds cognitive capital to Barclays bank, which promotes revolutions for employees, clients and the customers of the Bank. Barclays bank manages this by supporting the recruitment process and holding firm an age diverse workforce. Cre ating a workforce with no age limit on each vacant position at Barclays is castigate as a goal achievable. Merit is the criteria for any lift elevation is open to all employees through a yearly achievement and development reviewprocedure. They are among just few organisations that have taken the proactive measures to include multigenerational diverse workforce into the employee working tactics, the age employees also believes that skill, strength, capability and accomplishment are the backbone of all good performances, which is making the bank one of the leading banks in the world.Sexual OrientationBarclays has good records to encourage their Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered employees, customers and clients and the Bank have been known worldwide by numerous external establishments, Human Rights consort in the US are included. Barclays was at the stonewall workplace equality index (WEI) controlled by the United kingdoms chief Lesbian joyous Bisexual charity, and they were ra nked number three in year 2011 in acknowledgment of the work been done to make sure their workplace, products and services are included. They achieved blow percent in the 2011 Human Rights campaign corporate equality index in the USA and it 95percent in the UK. MulticulturalismThis is a very important tool for organisations in the current global business world, Barclays works with a great cultural diversity sense. Barclays Employees are from all around the globe, the employees throughout the Barclays around the world set a footmark to make up a constantly changing pattern of nationalities, cultures and heritage. The distinctive approaches are immeasurable in making sure the organisation comprehend what the need of their customers and clients all around the world is, and with that they provide expert products and services to meet the needs. More to this is the Cultural Awareness Employee network which brings together employees deep down all Barclays to make sure the bank continue t o find up to date method to examine the world with the motive of evaluating and leveraging differences.CONCLUSIONglobalization has made businesses to see diversity has a must do thing, to be successful in modern day business, diversity in workplace should not be treated as complying to law and regulations, it is now a thing of inclusionand diversity to increase the efficiency, profitability, wide scope and all factors that can lead to business success. For Barclays Bank, Diversity and inclusion is much more than just complying with the law. It means stating and having an active policy in place to make the very best of their diverse staff to serve the clients, customers and benefit their employee to make them retain the height they are in the business world. RECOMMENDATIONHaving observed all the analysis of diversity and inclusion it is therefore suggested that the following be done to enjoy more benefits of diversity Minimise inequalities among employee to reduce conflicts among the employee. Training and re training programme on human relation should be put in place for employee to enable the employee to know how best to interact among their contemporary. Change is constant so therefore diversity policies and procedures get hold of lines should be amended yearly.BibliographyChrobot-Mason, D. A. N. P., 2013. The psychological benefits of creating an affirming climate for workplace diversity. Professiona and management development training, 38(1059-6011), p. 31. CHUA, R. Y. J., 2013. The costs of ambient cultural disharmony Indirect intercultural Conflicts in social environment undermine creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 56(0001-4273), p. 33. Dictionary, A. H., 2009. Mifflin Houghton. OnlineAvailable at http//www.eref-trade.hmco.com/Accessed 21 01 2014.Drachsler, D. A., 2013. Supreme court sets high bar for Title vii retaliation claims.. Labour law journal, 64(4-0023-6586), p. 6. Fatima Oliviera, M. d., july 2013. Multicultural Environments and Thier Challenges to Crisis Communication. Business In Communication , 50(0021- 9436). Kenneth Price H, D. H. A. J. G. H. A. F. T., 2002. TIME, TEAMS, AND TASK PERFORMANCE CHANGING EFFECTS OF SURFACE- AND DEEP-LEVEL DIVERSITY ON GROUP FUNCTIONING. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), pp. 1029-1045. Rajan Amin, H. S., 2003. The business impact of diversity. Business Source Premier, Issue 0959-5848, p. 1471 Words. Sreedhar, U., 2011. Workforce Diversity and HR Challenges. OB and HRM Department, IBS, Bangalore (Karnataka), INDIA,4(0974-2611), pp. p33-36.

Hypothyroidism: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Hypo thyroid glandal glandism Causes, Effects and TreatmentsHypothyroidism is a condition characterized by ab normally low amount of the thyroid endocrine gland synthesis. This may be cod to a thyroid problem or any early(a) reason. Thyroid ductless gland affects growth, information, and many a(prenominal) cellular processes. Inadequate thyroid endocrine gland has many consequences for the soundbox (1, 2, 3).Thyroid secretor and thyroid ductless gland synthesisThyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. It attaches to the thyroid cartilage and trachea. therefore it moves with swallowing. Thyroid gland consists of follicles lined by a cuboidal epithelial cell layer. These follicles filled with colloids.Parafollicular cells situated in between follicular cells which secrete calcitonine (4, 9).Thyroid gland synthesizes generally two horm matchlesss. They ar L-thyroxin/tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).T3 is the active configuration that acts at the cellular level and T4 is the prohormone.Iodide enters the thyroid follicles primarily through a transporter. Thyroid hormone synthesis follows in the follicular space through a series of reactions, many of which be peroxides-mediated. Thyroid hormones stored in the colloid in the follicular space that is consumed from Thymoglobulin by a hydrolysis reaction which occur inside the thyroid cell (4, 5, 8).E.g. Thyroglobulin (Tgb), monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT),Triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4) (5).If there is hereditary defect of enzyme in above process, Thyroid hormone synthesis could not occur. So its leads to congenital kings evil and often results in hypothyroidism (6).Regulation of the synthesis of thyroid hormonesThyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by another gland located in the brain called pituitary. In turn the pituitary gland in part regulated by the thyroid hormone via feedback mechanism and other gland called hypothalamus. The hypothalamu s secretes thyrotropin hormone (TRH), which give a signal to the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone ( thyrotrophic hormone). thyrotropic hormone in turn sends a signal to the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. If some defect occurs in one of these levels, a lack of payoff of thyroid hormones stinkpot sweat a neediness of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) (4, 5, 8).Hypothalamus TRHdown arrow pituitary- thyrotrophindown arrowThyroid- T4 and T3The rate of thyroid hormone synthesis is regulated by the pituitary gland. If there is an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone circulating in the corpse to normal acting, the release of thyrotropic hormone from the pituitary accessiond in order to stimulate more thyroid hormone. However, when there is a large amount of thyroid hormones in circulation, thyrotropin level decreases and pituitary at temporary workerts to reduce the production of thyroid hormone. In people with hypothyroidism hand low levels of circulating thyroid hormones (4, 8).Physiological systemal effects of thyroid hormonescardiovascular system increased cardiac output and heart rate.Skeletal system increased bone turnoer and resorption.Respiratory maintains normal hypoxic and Hypercapnic drive in respiratory centre.Gastrointestinal increases gut motility.Blood increases red blood cell 2, 3-BPG facilitating Oxygen release to tissues.Neuromuscular increases speed of muscle contraction and relaxation and muscle protein turnover. metamorphosis of carbohydrates increases hepatic Gluconeogenesis/glycolysis and intestinal glucose Absorption.Metabolism of lipids increased lipolysis and Cholesterol synthesis and degradation.Sympathetic nervous tissue increases catecholamine Sensitivity and -adrenergic receptor numbers in heart, skeletal muscle, fatty cells and lymphocytes (1, 2, 4, 7, 8).Reduces cardiac -adrenergic receptors.If there is a defect in the synthesis or regulation pathways or thyroid lead to many disord ers. They ar mainly separate in two parts. They atomic number 18 hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and n early on often caused by the development of Graves malady which is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies atomic number 18 produced which stimulate the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. This disease can lead to the development of toxic goiter referable to the growth of the thyroid gland in response to the absence of negative feedback mechanisms. This is manifested by symptoms such as thyroid goiter, protruding eyes (exopthalmos), palpitations, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tilt loss, muscle weakness and unusual sensitivity to heat. Appetite is increased (2, 4, 7).Classification of HypothyroidismHypothyroidism is often var.ified by association with the indicated organ dysfunction (4).Type inventoryPrimaryThyroid glandThe most common forms are H ashimotos thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease and can be occur in radio unity therapy for hyperthyroidism (4, 7, 6).SecondaryPituitary glandOccurs if the pituitary gland does not release enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce enough thyroid hormones. Although not all(prenominal) case of secondary hypothyroidism has a clear-cut case, it is usually caused by alter to the pituitary gland, as by a tumor, radiation, or surgery. Secondary hypothyroidism accounts for less than 5% or 10% of hypothyroidism cases (4, 7, 6).TertiaryHypothalamusResults when the hypothalamus fails to produce sufficientThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH prompts the pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Hence may alike be termed hypothalamic-pitu(4,7,6)AutoimmuneAtrophic (autoimmune) hypothyroidism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism and the associated with antithyroid auto antibodies leads to lymphoid infiltration Cancer and eventually atrophy and fibrosis. It has been six Times more common in women and the incidence increaseswith age. This can be associated with other autoimmune Diseases such as pernicious anemia, vitiligo and other endocrine disorders. In some cases, sporadic Hypothyroidism occurs when recovering from illness, antibodies which block the TSH receptor can sometimes be involvedin the etiology(5, 7, 10).Hashimotos thyroiditis.This form of autoimmune thyroiditis, again, more common in women and the most common in the late. The average age is atrophic changes with regeneration, leading to the formation of goiter. This may be usually firm and Rubber scarce can set out from soft to hard. TPO antibodies very(prenominal) high amount (1000 IU / L). Patients can be euthyroid or hypothyroid, but they can pass throughthe initial phase of the toxic Hashi toxicity, Levothyroxine therapy. The goiter may reduce the even if the patient does not Hypothyroid (7, 8, 10).Postpartum thyroiditis.Typicall y, this is a temporary phenomenon Observed after pregnancy. It can cause hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism or the two sequences. It is believed to cause changes in the immune system necesnecessary.In case of pregnancy, and histologically lymphocytic thyroiditis.The process is usually self-limiting, but when Conventional antibodies are there is a strong bump this procedure of permanent hypothyroidism. Postpartum Thyroiditis may be misdiagnosed as postnatal depression. Thyroid function test is done to detect this situation (4, 7).Defects in hormone synthesisIodine privation. Dietary iodine deficiency still exists in some areas as endemic goiter where goiter, occasionally massive is common. Patients may be euthyroid or hypothyroidism depending on the severity of iodine deficiency. The mechanism is considered borderline hypothyroidismleading to TSH stimulation and thyroid enlargement against iodine deficiency continues (47). Iodine deficiency is this still a problem in the Netherlands, the Western Pacific and South. East Asia for example, the mountainous regions of the Himalayas and Africa. Some countries affected by iodine deficiency, for example, China and Kazakhstan take measures providing iodinein salt, but others, such as Russia, bind not yet done so. Of The 500 million with iodine deficiency in India about 2 million suffering from cretinism.Dyshormonogenesis is a rare disease is due to genetics. Defects in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, patients Develop hypothyroidism with goiter. One particular family Form is associated with sensorineural auditory modality loss due to the removal Mutation of chromosome 7, resulting in a defect Transporter Pendrin (Pendred syndrome author) (4, 5).Hypothyroidism causes many symptoms. The term myxedema refers to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides.In the subcutaneous tissue. The unpolluted pictures are Slow in working, dry hair, thick-skinned, deep voice, Weight gain, cold intolerance, bradycardia, and constipation. These characteristics make the diagnosis easy. Milder symptoms, however, more common and difficult to distinguish from other causes Nonspecific tiredness. many an(prenominal) of the cases on the biochemical detection (4, 6, 7)ScreeningParticular difficulties in diagnosis may occur in certain circumstancesChildren with hypothyroidism may not classical Properties, but often have a slow growth rate, poor School performance and sometimes arrests of pubertal Development. youthful women with hypothyroidism may not confront obvious signs. Hypothyroidism is excluded in all Patients with oligomenorrhea / amenorrhea, Menorrhagia, sterileness and hyperprolactinemia.the elderly show many clinical features that are difficult Distinct from normal aging (7, 10, 11).Investigation of radical hypothyroidismThe Serum TSH is the scrutiny of choice, a high TSH level Confirmed primary hypothyroidism. A low free T4 level confirms the hypothyroidism is (and is in addition all-important(a) for TSH to close a deficiency and clinical hypothyroidism is strongly suspectedand TSH is normal or low).Thyroid and other organ-specific antibodies are present (7,10).Other exceptions are the followersAnemia, usually normochromic and normocytic In type but can macrocytic (sometimes this is by Associated pernicious anemia) or microcytic (in women, By menorrhagia)increased serum aspartate transferase levels, from Muscle and / or colorful-coloredincreased serum creatine kinase levels, with associated myopathyHypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemiaHyponatremia due to an increase in ADH and reduced drop water clearance (7, 10).TreatmentReplacement therapy with levothyroxine (thyroxin, that is to say, T4) is selective information for life. The starting treat go out depend upon the severity of the failure and the age and condition of the patient, in particular their cardiac function 100g per day during the Young and fit, 50g (up to 100g after 2-4 weeks) for the small, old or weak. Patie nts with ischemic heart disease Illness an even lower initial demigod, especially if the Hypothyroidism is a severe and prolonged. Most doctorsWould then start with daily 25g and performing serial ECG, increasing the dose at 3 to 4-week intervals as angina Not occur or worsen and the ECG is not Deteriorate(8,10,11).MonitoringThe goal is to recover well within T4 and TSH The normal range. The sufficiency of the replacement is reviewed Clinical and thyroid function tests after at least 6 weeks at a constant dose. If serum TSH remains high, the dose of T4 Should is increased in increments of 25-50 g the tests Repeated 6-8 week intervals until TSH returns to normal. Complete suppression of TSH should be avoided atrial fibrillation and the risk of infection of osteoporosis. The usual The Maintenance dose is 100 to 150 g administered as a single daily Dose. An annual thyroid function test is recommended this is usually done in the counterbalance line, often assisted and in respons e to the district thyroid registers (5, 8, 11).Clinical improvement T4 cannot start 2 weeks or more and complete resolution of symptoms 6 months. The need for lifelong therapy should be emphasized and the possibility of other autoimmune endocrine disease development, Especially Addisons disease or pernicious anemia,Should be considered. During pregnancy, an increase of T4 Dosage of about 25-50g is often necessary to maintain normal TSH and the need for replacement during optimal. Pregnancy is highlighted by the finding of the reduction of cognitive function in children of mothers with fantastic TSH during pregnancy. A few patients with primary hypothyroidism complainincomplete symptomatic response to T4 replacement. Combination T4 and T3 replacement is advocated in this Context, but randomized clinical trials show no consistent Benefit from the quality of life symptoms (4, 8). Borderline hypothyroidism or Compensated euthyroidism Patients are often seen with a low-normal serum T4 levels and slightly elevated TSH values. Sometimes this follows surgery or radioactive iodine therapy when it can be reasonably seen as compensatory. Treatment with levothyroxine is normally recommended where the TSH is consistently above 10 mu / L, or if possible symptoms, high titers of thyroid Antibodies or lipid abnormalities are present (4, 8, 10).When the TSH is only marginally increased, the tests must be repeated three to six Months later. Conversion to overt hypothyroidism is more common in men or TPO antibodies are present inPractice, dimmed symptoms in patients with marginal Elevated TSH (less than 10 mu / L) rarely responds to treatment, However, a therapeutic trial of substitution may be required to confirm that the symptoms are not related to the thyroid gland(4,8,10).It is likewise is considered to be the surmount time (TSH level normalization, the ideal case, the former)Pregnancy, in order to avoid the side effects of the fetus.Myxedema asphyxia severe hypothyro idism, especially in the elderly, may be with confusion and even coma. Myxedema coma is very rare. Low temperature is often there, the patient may have severe heart failure, hypoventilation, hypoglycemia, and hyponatriemia.The shell treatment Controversial, there is no data, most doctors recommend T3 oral or intravenous injection, a dose of 2, and 5-5 grams every 8 hours then, such as the above-mentioned increase. High-dose intravenous cannot be used (4, 7, 8). Other measures, although there is no proof of IncludeOxygen (by ventilation if necessary)monitoring of cardiac output and pressureGradual warmingHydrocortisone 100 mg intravenously 8-hourGlucose infusion to avoid hypoglycemia.Myxedema madness Depression is common in hypothyroidism but rarely with severe hypothyroidism in the elderly can the patient be said demented or psychotic, sometimes with prominent delusions. This may occur shortly after starting T4 replacement (6, 5).Screening for hypothyroidismthe incidence of congeni tal hypothyroidism is Approximately 1 in 3500 births. Untreated, severe Hypothyroidism produces permanent neurological and Intellectual damage (cretinism). Routine screening of the impertinentborn with a bloodstain, like Guthrie test, a high TSH level as an indicator of primary detecting Hypothyroidism is efficient and embody effective cretinism is prevented if T4 is started within the first few months of life.screening of elderly patients for thyroid dysfunction a low pick-up rate and is controversial and not currently recommended. However, patients who have undergone Thyroid surgery or radioactive iodine should receive Regular thyroid function tests, should be as those who Lithium or amiodarone therapy (6, 5).Signs and symptomsearly hypothyroidism is often asymptomatic, can have very mild symptoms. Subclinical hypothyroidism normal levels of thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodo thyroxin (T3), moderate to high thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) conditions. TSH and low free T4 at a higher level the symptoms are more obvious in clinical hypothyroidism (4, 6, 5).Hypothyroidism may be associated with the hobby symptomsEarlycold intolerance, increased sensitivity to coldConstipationweight gain, water retentionbradycardia (low heart rate less than 65 times per minute) frighten offdecreased sweatingMuscle cramps and joint paindry, itchy skinthin, brittle nailsQuick thoughtsDepressionmuscle tension difference (hypotonia)female infertility and problems in the menstrual cycleHyperprolactinemia and galactorrheaelevated serum cholesterol(10,11)Lategoiterslow speech and a hoarse, breaking voice deepening of the voice can also be noticed. Reinke edema.Dry puffy skin, especially in the face polishedning of the outer third of the eyebrows (sign of Hertoghe)Menstrual cycle abnormalitiesLow basal body temperaturethyroid related depression(10,11)UncommonImpaired recollectionImpaired cognitive function (brain fog) and inattentiveness.A sl ow heart rate with ECG changes including low potential signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractilityslow reflexesYellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A (carotoderma)Difficulty swallowing(dysphagia)Shortness of breath with a school and slow respiratory pattern(dyphnea)myxedema madness (a rare presentation)Decreased libido due to impairment of testicular testosterone synthesisGynecomastia(enlarge breast tissue)Loss of hearing(10,11)Diagnosisthyroid function testthe only validation test diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (T4) level. However, these levels can be varying without thyroid disease (10, 11).High TSH levels, the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone levels (primarily thyroxin (T4) and a small amount of iodine Thyroid three original leucine (T3)). However, measuring just TSH can diagnose secondary and tertiary thyroid function loss, resulting in the following recommended a blood test, if the TSH is normal hypothyroidism remains skeptical(10,11).Free triiodothyronine (ft3)Free thyroxin (ft4)Total T3Total T4Additionally, the following measurements may be neededFree T3 from 24-hour urine catchAntithyroid antibodies for evidence of autoimmune diseases that may be damaging the thyroid glandSerum cholesterol which may be elevated in hypothyroidismProlactin as a widely available test of pituitary functionTesting for anemia, including ferritinBasal body temperature(4,8,10)Exams and TestsA physical examination may reveal a smaller than normal thyroid gland, although sometimes the gland is normal size or even enlarged (goiter). The examination may also revealBrittle nailsCoarse facial featuresPale or dry skin, which may be cool to the touchSwelling of the arms and legsThin and brittle hairA chest x-ray may show an enlarged heart (12, 13).Laboratory tests to determine thyroid function embarrassTSH testT4 test(10,12,13)Lab tests may al so revealAnemia on a complete blood count (CBC)Increased cholesterol levelsIncreased liver enzymesIncreased prolactinLow sodium(8,13)TreatmentThe treatment of hypothyroidism is levorotatory forms of thyroxin (thyroid hormone) (L-T4) and triiodo thyroxin liothyronine (L-T3). Thyroxin is a name, and in the USA, the most common form of thyroxin tablets. Thyroxin is a doctor of the most common drugs, wherein a synthetic thyroid hormone predetermined. This medicine can improve symptoms of thyroid deficiency such as speech delay, lack of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, cold sprightlinessing. This will also help in the treatment of goiter. It can also be used to treat certain types of thyroid cancer, surgery and other medicines. Both synthetic and animal thyroid tablets available, and may be required in patients with the amplificational thyroid hormone (8, 10). Daily doses of thyroid hormone, doctors can monitor blood pressure, in order to help ensure that the correct dose. Thy roxin is the best 30-60 minutes before breakfast, because some foods can reduce absorption. Calcium can interfere with absorption levothryoxine. Compared with water, the coffee can be reduced about 30% of the absorption of thyroxin. Some patients may be anti-thyroxin, in fact, they do not have good absorption sheet to solve the problem by spraying. There are several different treatment options for thyroid replacement therapy (8, 10, 12, 13).T4 only such treatment methods include supplementary levothyroxin separately, a synthetic form. This is the current stock treatment of mainstream medicine.A combination of T4 and T3 in This treatment method involves the combination simultaneously manage two synthetic L-T4 and L-T3 (8, 10, 11). dried-out thyroid extractDried thyroid extract is an animal thyroid extract the most common is from porcine sources. It is also a combination therapy, containing a natural form of L-T4 and L-T3. traffic with controversialT4 T3 generation has been investig ating the potential benefits, but has proved to be no conclusive combination therapy benefit. Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines in 2002, the clinical biochemical state of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences during pregnancy L-T4 dose should be increased (usually 50 micrograms / day) maintained at 0.5 2.0 mIU / L and serum serum TSH FT4 within the normal reference interval the upper third.Doctors tend to assume that if your TSH is in the normal range, sometimes defined as high as 5.5 MIU / L has no effect on fertility. But there is an approximately 1.0 MIU / L, TSH level in healthy pregnant women (8, 12, 13)Subclinical hypothyroidismthere are a series of biochemical and point thyroxin treatment, the typical treatment of hypothyroidism symptoms views. Reference range has been debated. As of 2003, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (ACEE) that within the normal range of 0.3-3.0 MIU /L.There is always an excess risk of hyperthyroidism. Some studies suggest th at subclinical hypothyroidism does not require treatment. In 2007, the Cochrane Collaboration, a meta-analysis found that, in addition to the no benefit of thyroid hormone replacement lipids and left ventricular function in 2002 meta-analysis checks whether subclinical hypothyroidism may increase the risk of heart disease increase, some of the parameters previously thought, a slight increase, and recommended to be updated for the current recommendations for further researchwith the end point of coronary heart disease (11, 12, 13).Replacement therapyThe continuative has been a slow release combination of T3 and T4, supporters will be able to thyroid dysfunction symptoms and functional quality of life. This is still a matter of debate, refused by the traditional medical community (3, 8, 10).Remember, the important thing when are taking thyroid hormone areDo not stop taking the drugs, and when you feel better. Continue the medication completely guidance of a doctor.If change the brand of thyroid drugs, let doctor know. levels may need to be checked.Some dietary changes can change your body absorb thyroid drugs. Contact your doctor, if you eat a lot of soy products, or in the high-fiber diet.Thyroid medicine best on an empty stomach, and if any other drugs before one hour.Do not take the thyroid hormone supplement fiber, calcium, iron, multivitamins, aluminum hydroxide, sulfuric superman agent, cholesterol, or in combination with a bile acid drugs(4,13).Start taking replacement therapy, the doctor tells, if there are symptoms of increased thyroid bodily process (hyperthyroidism), such asPalpitationsRapid weight lossRestlessness or shakinessSweatingMyxedema coma is a medical emergency the thyroid hormone the body becomes very low. Intravenous replacement thyroid hormone and steroids. Some patients may need support therapy (oxygen, breathing assistance, fluid replacement) and intensive sympathize with (8, 10, 11).Outlook (prognosis)in most cases, thyroid levels to normal, and appropriate treatment. However, thyroid hormone replacement for the rest of life.Myxedema coma can result in death (12, 13). manageable complicationsHypothyroidism, myxedema coma, the most severe form is rare. This can be caused by contagion, illness, exposure to cold, or certain medications in untreated hypothyroidism (12, 13).The symptoms and signs of myxedema coma includeroom temperatureReduce breathinglow blood pressureHypoglycemiaunresponsiveOther complications includeHeart diseaseIncreased risk of infectionInfertilityAbortion(8,12,13)Untreated hypothyroidism are at increased riskgave birth to birth defectsheart disease, the higher the level of LDL (bad cholesterol)heart failure similarly much thyroid hormone treatment are at risk of angina or a heart attack, as well as the risk of osteoporosis(the bone thinning)(11,12,13).Network Management System Light Weight SNMP death penaltyNetwork Management System Light Weight SNMP ImplementationChapter 6ImplementationIni tially the coffee tree (JDK 1.6) and Netbeans IDE 5.4 should be installed in a system. Then the SNMP4J API should be added to the Netbeans library. The Mysql-JDBC sever should be added to the library for using the database purpose. Then the SNMP is tested in the very(prenominal) system for working condition, afterwards the destination devices are enabled with SNMP agent and are tested. The system should have the requirements as follows.6.1 About NetBeansNetBeans IDE is a developer shaft of light for industriousness development technologies. The IDE includes a multi-language editor, Profiler, Debugger and also tools for developer requirement. The IDE provides templates to create Java EE, Java SE, and Java ME applications. A variety of technologies and good examples are supported. The language-aware editor detects errors spell you type and suggest user with reinforcement popups and smart cypher completion with the speed and simplicity. To identify and solve problems in your a pplications, such as deadlocks and memory leaks, the IDE provides a feature rich debugger and profiler.When user is examination applications, it provides tools for Testing, as well as decree analyzers and, in particular, integration with the popular open source Error detecting tool.NetBeans is an integrated development environment (IDE) for developing primarily with Java, but also with other languages, in particular PHP,C/C++, and HTML5. It is also an application course of study framework for Java desktop applications and others. The NetBeans IDE is written in Java and can run on Windows, OS X, Linux, Solaris and other platforms supporting a compatible JVM. The NetBeans Platform allows applications to be developed from a set of modular software components called modules NetBeans began in 1996 as Xelfi (word play on Delphi), a Java IDE student project under the guidance of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University in Prague. In 1997 Roman Stank formed a company around the project and produced commercial versions of the NetBeans IDE until it was bought by lie Microsystems in 1999. Sun opensourced the NetBeans IDE in June of the following year. Since then, the NetBeans community has continued to grow. In 2010, Sun (and thus NetBeans) was acquired by Oracle.6.1.1 NetBeans PlatformThe NetBeans Platform is a reusable framework for simplifying the development of Java jolt desktop applications. The NetBeans IDE bundle for Java SE contains what is needed to start developing NetBeans plugins and NetBeans Platform based applications no additional SDK is required. Applications can install modules dynamically.Any application can include the Update Center module to allow users of the application to download signed upgrades and newly features directly into the running application. Reinstalling an upgrade or a new release does not force users to download the entire application again. The platform offers reusable services common to desktop applications , allowing developers to focus on the logic specific to their application. Among the features of the platform areUser interface management (e.g. menus and toolbars).User settings management.Storage management (saving and loading any kind of data).Window management.Wizard framework (supports step-by-step dialogs).NetBeans Visual Library.Integrated development tools.NetBeans IDE is a free, open-source, cross-platform IDE with built-in-support for Java Programming Language.6.1.2 NetBeans IDENetBeans IDE is an open-source integrated development environment. NetBeans IDE supports development of all Java application types (Java SE(including JavaFX), Java ME, web, EJB and mobile applications) out of the box.Modularity totally the functions of the IDE are provided by modules. Each module provides a well defined function, such as support for the Java language, editing, or support for the CVS versioning system, and SVN. NetBeans contains all the modules needed for Java development in a single download, allowing the user to start working immediately. Modules also allow NetBeans to be extended. newly features, such as support for other programme languages, can be added by installing additional modules. For instance, Sun Studio, Sun Java Studio Enterprise, and Sun Java Studio Creator from Sun Microsystems are all based on the NetBeans IDE.6.2 Platform selectionJava is an reject oriented application programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s.Java application is typically compiled to byte code, although compilation to native machine code is also possible. At runtime, byte code is usually either interpreted or compiled to native code for execution, although direct hardware execution of byte code by a java processor is also possible. The version of java used to run the application is JDK1.6.This is because the APIs used in this application specifies this requirement.6.2.1 Reasons for Using JavaJava was chosen as the programming language because o f its versatility. It is an object oriented programming language with the following important features.a) Platform Independent-The concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the platform independent) is one of the important key feature of java language that makes java as the most powerful language. The programs written on one platform can run on any platform provided the platform must have the JVM.b) Simple There are various features that make the java as a simple language. Programs are easy to import and debug because java does not use the pointers explicitly. Java provides the bug free system due to the strong memory management. It also has the automatic memory allotment and de-allocation system.c) Robust Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection mechanism. It provides the powerful exception handling and type checking mechanism as analyse to other programming languages. Compiler checks the program whether there are any errors and interpreter che cks any run time error and makes the system secure from crash. All of the above features make the java language robust.d) Distributed The widely used protocols like HTTP and FTP are developed in java. Internet programmers can call functions on these protocols and can get access the files from any remote machine on the internet rather than writing codes on their local system.e) Portable The feature Write-once-run-anywhere makes the java language portable provided that the system must have interpreter for the JVM. Java also has the standard data size irrespective of operating system or the processor. These features make the java as a portable language.f) Dynamic While executing the java program the user can get the required files dynamically from a local drive or from a computer thousands of miles away from the user just by connecting with the Internet.g) Secure Java does not use memory pointers explicitly. All the programs in java are run under an area known as the sand box. Secu rity manager determines the accessibility options of a class like reading and writing a file to the local disk. Java uses the public key encryption system to allow the java applications to transmit over the internet in the secure encrypted form. The byte code verifier checks the classes after loading.h) Performance Java uses native code usage, and lightweight process called threads. In the beginning interlingual rendition of byte code resulted in the slow performance but the advance version of JVM uses the adaptive and just in time compilation technique that improves the performance.i) Multithreaded Java is also a multithreaded programming language. Multithreading means a single program having different threads executing independently at the same time. Multithreading programming is a very interesting concept in Java. In multithreaded programs not even a single thread disturbs the execution of other thread.j) Architecture Neutral The Java compiling program generates byte code ins tructions, to be easily interpreted on any machine and to be easily translated into native machine code on the fly. The compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format to enable a Java application to execute anywhere on the network and then the compiled code is executed on many processors, given the presence of the Java runtime system.6.3 About SNMPSimple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an applicationlayer protocolusedfor exchanging management information between network devices.SNMP is one of the widely accepted protocols to manage and monitor network elements. Most of the professionalgrade network elements come with bundled SNMP agent.In the following figure the SNMP manager, SNMP agents and MIBs (Management information base) are the major parts of architecture. Here the manager will send the get-next request for particular OID (object identifier) to the agent. The SNMP agent will retrieve the information from the MIB for a particular OID and will send the resp onse to the manager. If any warning message occurs in the agent side, agent will send the trap notifications to manager.6.4 Use of APIThe SNMP4J API should be added correctly to the tool which the user is using in the project. It may be eclipse or Netbeans. Basically the APIs which needed in our project are JFreechart, Mysql and the SNMP4J.JFreechart APIs are added into the tool by their jar files, it should contain the JCommon and JFreechart JAR files and the documentation. These should be added into the library here. Mysql JDBC Connector JAR files should be added into the library for using the database.6.5 Modules of projectA) The following code snippet explains how the set of all the IP address and MAC address are retrieved for the given input switch. That is the all the devices connected to the particular switch is retrieved and stored.for (i = 0 i Node nodSwi = nodesSwi.item(i)if (nodSwi.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) Element element = (Element) nodSwiString MacAddress = x java.getValue(MacAddr, element)String MacAddressEnd = xjava.getValue(MacAddrEnd, element)out.println()out.println(SL no)out.println(IP Address)out.println(MAC Binding)stroid_result = MacAddressdo stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(.) + 20, stroid_result.length())ipA = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(.) + 1, temp.indexOf(=))MacAddr = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(=) + 2, temp.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(MacAddressEnd)) out.println( + ++i + )out.println( + ipA + )out.println( + MacAddr + ) slice (stroid_result.contains(MacAddressEnd))out.println()out.println()out.println()B) The following code is typed and tested in the JSP file. Here the connectivity discovery module is explained and the connection between the ports and the devices are identified.stroid_result = MacAddressdo stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, por t)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(.) + 20, stroid_result.length())ipA = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(.) + 1, temp.indexOf(=))MacAddr = temp.substring(temp.indexOf(=) + 2, temp.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(MacAddress))//Port Indexobjip_MacResultindex = new ClsOid_Input_Rslt()objip_MacResultindex.Str_Macaddress = MacAddrobjip_MacResultindex.Str_Ip = ipAm++index++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacAddrEnd))/*TO GET MAC ADDRESS AND PORT COUNT*/do stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Mac))//Port Indexcount++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacEnd))ClsOid_Input_Rslt objMac_PortResultobjMac_PortResult = new ClsOid_Input_Rsltcount/*TO GET MAC ADDRESS AND PORT */do stroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipA ddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Mac))objMac_PortResultindex = new ClsOid_Input_Rslt()objMac_PortResultindex.Str_Mac = tempm++index++if (stroid_result.contains(PortNum))if (index n)index = (n 1)objMac_PortResultindex.Str_PortNum = tempn++index++ while (stroid_result.contains(MacEnd))HashMap map = new HashMap()/* TO GET IPADDRESS, MACADDRESS AND PORTS */out.println()out.println(IP ADDRESSPORT NUMBER)for (int Macportcount = 0 Macportcount String Macaddress = new String()String MacPort = new String()MacPort = objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_Macfor (int IpMaccount = 0 IpMaccount Macaddress = objip_MacResultIpMaccount.Str_Macaddressif (MacPort.equals(Macaddress))if (map.containsKey(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum)) map.put(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum, objip_MacResultIpMaccount.Str_Ip) e lse map.remove(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum)map.put(objMac_PortResultMacportcount.Str_PortNum, uplink)Set set = map.entrySet()for (Map.Entry me set)out.println( + me.getValue() + )out.println( + me.getKey() + )out.println()out.println()out.println()C) The following code is to explain about the device type discovery of the network. The device type and the switch type are identified using this code.stroid_result = Servicestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddipCount, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (temp.contains(7) temp.contains(6))out.println(Switch Type L3 ) else out.println(Switch Type L2 )/*code for Type of Switch ENDS*//* the device type discovery code starts from here*/stroid_result = namestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)if (stroid_result.indexOf(=) 0) out.println()stroid_result = printstroid_res ult = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(print)) out.println()out.println() else stroid_result = Numberofuserstroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)stroid_result = stroid_result.substring(0, stroid_result.indexOf(=) 1)if (stroid_result.contains(Numberofuser)) out.println()out.println() else out.println()out.println()stroid_result = namestroid_result = ip.CreateOID(ipAddress, stroid_result, port)temp = stroid_result.substring(stroid_result.indexOf(=) + 2, stroid_result.length())out.println( + temp + )out.println()out.println()6.6 Execution partHere JDK 1.6 with Netbeans 6.9.1 tool is used, SNMP API(SNMP4J) 11, and Jfreechart for graphical representation. The system is developed and tested on Red Hat Linux 5.4 operating system with 2.80-GHz, Intel Pentium 4 central processing unit with 512 MB RAM.The approach is tested in the subnet of a network or can say t hat department of an organisation. In this subnet found number of devices connected to the switches, their expand and also the connection between them. These are tested multiple times and physically verified. The problem we faced is that some devices are having multiple Mac Addresses so it is difficult for the system to find the connectivity of the device to port. Except this everything is working well enough. The major thing done is when the device is not supporting for SNMP then act to get the details of that system by ICMP echo requests.The time taken to discover the devices connected to switch are compared with the previous research. And it is very less compared to other research. In very short time nearly 8-9 seconds we can discover all the devices connected to the switch in the network.

History Of The Muscle Car English Language Essay

History Of The Muscle Car English Language Essaywhen more or less people think of a go across simple machine they think of a mid-size model political machine, with V8 engines, generally produced between 1960 and 1973. Most sinew gondola cars were current mid-size models being produced The passive voice is a anatomy of be (being) and a participle (produced). Over- rehearse of the passive voice can make paragraphs tedious to read and attainicious. demonstrate to use the active voice most often, e.g., the student completed the paper on quantify. The passive voice versionThe paper was completed on time by the studentSee eCampusCWETutorials GuidesGrammar Writing GuidesActive passive voice by car manufacturers, and they added a large V8 engine, special(a) trim, and usually better handling and performance options like suspension, braking, etc. intended for maximum acceleration on the street or in drag racing competition. It is It is is an awkward phrase if it is not clearly a thing distinguishable from sports cars, which were customarily considered Passive voice atrophieder, two-seat cars, intended for high- renovate touring and possibly road racing. But rattling Cle atomic number 18r penning suggestionreal or really means existing in actualityit adds little to the meaning (and using it to mean big, very, or genuine is slang) replace it with a more than expressive ledger the firs muscle car every made was a 1949 Oldsmobile Rocket 88. But it wasnt control 1951 that the Oldsmobile Rocket 88 got Doctoral rule (although good advice for any academician writer)got is informal English and can mean many things in academic writing, use forms of arrive at, can, could, grows, is able to, etc. really famous with the creation of the Hudson Hornet the first of the American muscle car to be a famous race car.How can you Eliminate second person (you, your) in academic documents and avoid addressing the reader directly. Use third-person pronouns (he, she, it, the y) tell if a car is a Muscle Car? Unless in a quote, avoid rhetorical questions in academic writingFirst the particular car would belike be a limited employment version of a street car, like the Boss 302 Mustang and the Mach 1/GTs. It had some kind of performance suspension intentional for going from 0 Write out numbers low 10 to 100 as quickly as possible or to handle well on a track and often to do both. Second it will view as some kind of high output motor or the biggest motor that could be stuffed Passive voice under the hood,Till Check spelling Although often used interchangeably, for greatest clarity in academic writing, use until to mean a length of time yet to lapse, till to mean turning the soil, and avoid til altogether the end of 1950s, car manufacture was monopolized Passive voice by England, France, Italy, and America, etc. But during the 1960s they saw a drastic change in the market as European manufacturers started adopting better technology that resulted in inn ovative models. Meanwhile, Japan too started successfully manufacturing automobiles in a major way, starting with its Keicar.The most common muscle car you second person think of is probably the get over Mustang. But the mustang wasnt always made by ford originally it was made by Shelby. wherefore in Mustang debuted in 1965, but did Remove comma if the following(a) is not an independent clause you second person know that it wasnt the firt muscle car envented the first mucsle car was an Oldsmobile Rocket 88car companies have been fighting trying to see who could think of a way to make the most positionful and fastest car ever since the first car was produced Passive voice in 1885,. indeed in 1949 Oldsmobile accomplished that goal with the creation of the Oldsmobile Rocket 88 the very first muscle car to be produced. Passive voice After that writ of execution stayed the for the next 6 Write out numbers under 10 year.But whence in 1955 Chrysler invented the C- three hundred on of the classics place them on top with there performance. The C-300 had a 300 horse power Hemi engine the most powerful engine at that time making the C-300 American fastest and mots powerful car manufactured in 1955 which Use that for a suppressive phrase (or place a comma before which) included the Ford Thunderbird, the Corvette, and the Chevy Bel Air. The reason the C-300 was more powerful past all those other cars was that the Hemi engine could could Typographical error eliminate duplicate word (if on the same line) go from from Typographical error eliminate duplicate word (if on the same line) zero to sixty Express numbers higher than nine in digits (when not the first word in the sentence) in 9.8 seconds and it had a top focal ratio of 130 mph. But these performance numbers were nothing compared to what they would see during the next disco biscuit. Because as the other car companys climbed up in the competition, the cars became more powerful. There for the American muscl e car era was born.The muscle car era coincided with the infant boom generation at the end of World War II, as the soldiers came lieu there babies were everywhere And In academic writing, avoid starting a sentence with a conjunction cars during WWII and after were pretty Vague wordingpretty is a weak word (old mid-fifties slang) if used to mean very. It means attractive. Use very or another adjective. conservative in their styling and speed. So the Chop Shops and performance shops sprung up quickly as the war came to an end, leading to the birth of the hot rod. But the only problem was that it was to Misspelling too expensive, and took a lot of Only commercial shipments and real estate are measured in hemorrhoid. To use a lot of to mean many, much, or a large amount is a colloquialism (not universally clear). Use another term. effort and time to modify a car. But It was not economical possible for most people at that time.But it was a lot Avoid using lots or a lot of shoddyer to make a muscle because of the factory maintenance so they was able to sell the muscle cars for a lot Avoid using lots or a lot of less so which Use that for a restrictive phrase (or place a comma before which) is what made muscle cars such(prenominal)(prenominal) successful sellers with the new baby boomers. But since Check word choice Since is more precise in referring to time (after that) otherwise use because it was cheaper certain models lacked in power and speed. But by the 1960s Check spelling if the front is a year, following the year with apostrophe-s means possessive leave out the apostrophe before s that all changedThis is the decade Passive voice that built the muscle car specifically for the drag racing crowds. Its Check spelling If meant to be it is, avoid contractions in formal writingwrite it out if meant as the possessive of it, prohibit the apostrophe. The possessive form of it is its also the decade that made the muscle cars we Use we, us, or our to mean yourself and coauthors, not general humanity (or yourself and the reader) think of today was invented. Passive voice Such as Beginning with these words, the following is most likely a sentence fragment Check word choice such as refers to things that are exactly what you are discussing like means something exchangeable to what you are discussing the charger, GTO, Chevelle, Mustangs, Firebird, and Camaros.In the early 60s Check punctuationSingle quotation marks are only for a quotation within a quotation. Otherwise, use double quotes the only American sports car that was counted Passive voice as a muscle car was the Chevy Corvette at a price that was way too high for most. The Ford Thunderbird had grown into a large luxury car (and Ford heard many complaints about this). Imported sports cars, mostly from England, were selling well. Within a few long time the post-war baby boomers would be buying their first car. The Mustang II concept car generated a lot of Avoid using lots or a lot of exci tement and guide directly to the first Mustang less than a year later.The 1960s also saw the opportunity of pony cars and muscle cars in America, where If not referring to a place, use in which performance of vehicles mattered the most. The Ford Mustang was another popular car of this period and enjoyed a great deal of fanfare till Chevrolet released its Camaro Z28 in 1967, to compete with it. Ford in turn accepted the challenge and brought forth the Mustang Boss 302 and the Mustang Boss 429 in 1969, which again was lapped Passive voice up by people in general.Then in 1964 Pontiac made ane of the big brake through in muscle car history with the Pontiac Tempest. The GTO package on this model added a 389 V8 engine, and a floor-shifted transmission, as well as No comma before as well as (which means in addition to and is not a conjunction the equivalent of and) special trims and GTO badges being Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)If not a noun (as in human being), the word Being is hard to imagine it means existing. Try to rewrite this without using beingwith words like attending, working, living, experiencing, simply asor scour removing being completely the fastest muscle car made that year. The only problem was that GM bodied had a policy at this time Wordiness these words mean simply now that did not allow anything other than a full size model to have anything larger than a 330 cid engine. So Pontiacs engineers decided to work around that policy by offering the 389 cid engine as an option as well, instead of creating a new model for it. Pontiac planned on selling 5,000 GTOs that first year but instead they ended up selling 32,450 GTOs that first year putting them way over there goal.In 1967 GMC decided to come out with the Chevrolet Camaro. After watching ford two years making money off the Ford Mustangs success, General Motors finally launched its entry into the high performance Spellingas an adjective, these two words should be a sing le hyphenated word pony car segment introducing the Chevrolet Camaro. Although operational with a mediocre six cylinder for volume sales, the Camaro also could be equipped Passive voice with several V8s and a bunch of performance options. the A sentence begins with a smashing letter (or is this an incomplete sentence?) Z/28- would change the industry of muscle card view of fast pony cars forever.the Needs capital letter Camaro was named Passive voice after the French word for comrade, even no some peaple argued that it was actually Clich actual and actually are weak words whose meaning is nothing more than in point of fact. They are often used as intensifiers but usually can be deleted with no change in meaning Spanish for a type of shrimp. not exactly a good name for a new pony car. Luckily, the Camaro had the muscle to back it up.The Camaro was based Passive voice on the 1968 Chevy Novas model and it featured a uniqe Word choiceuse an body structure from the windshield and fire wall back, with a separate steel rail subframe for everything up front.The Camaro was available from the start in hardtop coupe and convertible body styles, and could Punctuation remove the comma if the following is not an independent clause (could not be a sentence by itself) OR is not the last element in a series of more than two be coiffe with nearly 80 factory options and it had up to 40 different dealer accessories options, including three main option packages and a choice of four different engines.The RS package included numerous cosmetic changes including a blacked out grill with hidden headlights, revised parking and tail lights, upgraded midland trim, and RS badging. Of greater interest to enthusiasts was the SS package which Use that for a restrictive phrase (or place a comma before which) included as standard equipment a circumscribed 350 cid V8 (the first 350 engine Chevy ever offered) with an available 396 cid big block producing 325bhp (L35) and later a 375bhp versi on, along with simulated air-intakes on the hood, special bumble bee striping, and a blacked out grill. It was Avoid it is, etc. possible to order both the RS and SS packages, and get a RS/SS Camaro, in which case the RS badging took precedence. Camaro popularity soared when a RS/SS Convertible with the 396 paced the 1967 Indianapolis 500 race.In December 1966, Chevrolet then quietly released one of the most famous options codes of all time, option Z-28. Unpublicized and unknown by most of the buying public (and most Chevrolet sales people The preceding two words are spelled as one word for that matter) and not mentioned in any sales literature, the only way someone could order the Z-28 package was to order a base Camaro with the Z-28 option, mandatory front disc brakes with power assist, and the Muncie 4-speed transmission. You second person could not order the SS package, automatic transmission, air conditioning, or the convertible. What you second person got was a unique 302 cid small block (Non-California emission cars were label Passive voice MO while Clearer writing suggestionWhile is accurate in linking simultaneous events (in the sense of during)otherwise use although, whereas, and, or but California emission engines were labeled Passive voice MP) that was created Passive voice by taking the 327 block and installing the short-stroke 283 crank. Specifically designed to compete in the Club of America Trans Am racing series which Use that for a restrictive phrase (or place a comma before which) placed a 305 cid limit on its entries, the Z-28 was available to the public solely to qualify the car for racing. announce horsepower was listed Passive voice at just 290bhp, which was not very impressive until one hooked it up to a dyno and got actual see above readings of 360-400 bhp. The Z-28 also came with a competition suspension, broad(a) racing stripes on the hood and trunklid and could be combined Passive voice with the RS option package. There was There was is an awkward phrase if there is not clearly a location no Z-28 badging at all, lest it attract to much attention. The Z-28 proved to be difficult to launch on the street because its high reving engine was lethargic under 4000rpm and worked best when it was shifted Passive voice at 7500rpm (). Once it got going, the Z28 was tough to beat and boosted a 140mph top speed and numerous racing victories. Only 602 Z-28s were sold in 1967, making it a truly Clearer writing suggestiontruly means in a true manner (as opposed to a false or lying manner), and this does not appear to be the intention. In free-and-easy conversation this word can mean accurately, most clearly, or indeed, but avoid it in academic writing or especially an international line communication desirable collectable.But the each year, muscle cars kept on getting bigger and heavier, due to Check word usage This phrase is most accurate in referring to something owed ($5 due) or an arrival time (due at 600)try because or because of added options. This lead Check spelling unless this is a noun (as in team lead) or a set up/future verb (they will lead the charge), the past-tense verb is spelled led (as a noun, lead is the metal in cannon balls) to a new breed of stripped-down muscle cars, such as the Plymouth Road Runner and Dodge Super Bee. These were designed Passive voice to cost less than most the other models, without the extra options and plush interior. They were designed Passive voice to be cheap race car, that Remove comma before that preceding a restrictive phrase (otherwise replace that with which) way there you could go race the same day you bought the car without any modifications and still winChrysler introduced the viable pony cars in 1970 with the introduction of the Challenger and the newly designed Barracuda.The 1970s Check spelling if the preceding is a year, following the year with apostrophe-s means possessive leave out the apostrophe before s started out good. It was Avoid it is, etc. consider by most as the pinnacle year for the classic muscle cars. Then the world changed when the fuel prices began to rise, the insurance companies started raising rates and the economy began to slow down.By 1975, most muscle cars had been discontinued Passive voice or heavily downgraded, effectively ending the muscle car era. Because performance was no longer a consideration for the automotive customer was looking for fuel economy, and not Punctuation remove the comma if the following is not an independent clause (could not be a sentence by itself) OR is not the last element in a series of more than two power and Check punctuationinsert a comma before this word if this is the last in a list of more than twoor if it begins a new clause speed in there performance. Because of that the Hemi Cuda and Challenger stopped getting manufacturer, and The Chargers and Chevelles were now Clearer writing suggestionUnless you are making a philosophical statement (Now is the time to improve myself) or mean as of the present time (the business is now known as Ajax Corp.), consider removing nowsince this is being read after the time you wrote it, now is in the past sold as mid-priced luxury cars. The only cars to continue the tradition were the Firebird and the Camaro. Even no, they werent as powerful as they had been just a few years earlier.Nothing much happened to change that until the Ford Mustang was reintroduced Passive voice in 1979 as a performance model. When Henry Ford decided that the market had rested long enough.Then in 1982 the mucsle car era came back when a new Camaro and Firebird were manufacterd. Then In 1984 Chevrolet introduced a new Corvette. So Buick decided to shake things Vaguenessthings is a wording gimmick to avoid further description up with the Grand National. So by 1987 the Grand National had become one of the best muscle cars ever. antecedent and speed was back. So Muscle cars continued to improve all the way to the turn of the cent ury.The cars kept getting better and better by the late mid-nineties Check spelling if the preceding is a year, following the year with apostrophe-s means possessive leave out the apostrophe before s these new muscle cars out did their classic muscle cars in every category. Performance, comfort, reliability and fuel consumption were all much better than they were in the 1960s.surprisingly, no one was worried that the Sales went down on all the muscle cars across America. Because General A job title is not capitalized unless it is the first word in a sentence or associated with the name of a person or institution, e.g., Certified Public Accountant John Doe. If not, it is just a label, such as auto mechanic, nuclear physicist, fry cook, brain surgeon, professor, etc. motors even stopped production of the Camaro and Firebird in 2002.The fourth-generation Chevrolet Camaro debuted for the 1993 model year on an updated F-body platform. It would retain the same characteristic since Check w ord choice Since is more precise in referring to time (after that) otherwise use because the first-generations introduction back in 1967 2-doors, 2+ Write out numbers under 10 2 seating, available as a coupe (with ex gratia T-top roof) or , Avoid leaving a space before a comma rear-wheel drive, and a choice of V6 and V8 power plants The preceding two words are spelled as one word . The 1998 model year was refreshed Passive voice and revised with both exterior and engine changes. The fourth-gen Camaro would last up through the 2002 model year when General Motors discontinued production due to Avoid due to, try because or because of slow sales, a deteriorated sports coupe market, and plant overcapacit.Resourceshttp//www.anythingaboutcars.com/1960s-muscle-cars.htmhttp//www.timelessrides.comhttp//www.musclecarclub.comhttp//www.musclecarrestorations.comhttp//www.musclecars.nethttp//carsnet.blogspot.comhttp//www.isnare.comhttp//www.chevellesrus.comhttp//musclecarfacts.nethttp//www.ehow.c omhttp//www.articlesbase.comhttp//www.bharatbhasha.comhttp//www.carmemories.comhttp//www.t-ce.comhttp//www.conceptcarz.comhttp//musclecarfacts.nethttp//cars.about.comhttp//www.anythingaboutcars.comhttp//www.automotivelog.comhttp//www.car-part.ws

The Great Big Turnip | Analysis

The Great coarse Turnip AnalysisIntroductionOur prize of romancebook is The Great Big Turnip edited by Bob Williams, published by KohWai and Young. This book is appropriate for children aged four to six as it is oddly designed and created to assist children who have mastered basic reading skills.Marchado (2010) states that the success of any book for young children depends on its presentation of basic human tasks, needs, and concerns ground on childrens perceptions, and at a level at which they can respond (p. 289). Thus, after examining our selected choices of books, we decided to choose The Great Big Turnip because it has met many aspects of selecting the righteousness book for young children.The story revolves around a granger who had discovered a giant turnip in his garden. He could not pull it erupt alone hence he sought help from his family members and other animals in the house. Together, they managed to pull the turnip egress of the ground and enjoyed plenty of food for many years. From this synopsis, the story is able to inculcate the value of teamwork in the readers as it teaches that joint effort makes it easier to complete a task.Its print and vibrant illustrations had captivated us instantaneously. The language employ is age appropriate for children to learn and comprehend. The moral of the story is that we should always help others when they ar in need, even if you may think that your help is insignificant.Literary elements plot of groundThe plot is mature because it creates suspense in the story to develop the childrens interest in reading the book.It is also simple and straightforward as it focuses on how the farmer gets help to pull the giant turnip out of the ground. Machado (2010) states that simple plot necessitated by the length of a picture book allows young children to become knobbed immediately in action, discover problem, and understand the resolution (p. 289).The story is in a chronological order as it unfolds sequential ly. In the beginning on knave 3, it talks about the farmer planting turnip seeds on the ground. In the middle on page 7, the farmer asked his wife for help when he could not pull the turnip out all by himself. Eventually, they still needed to a greater extent people to help out. On page 14, it reveals how the turnip was pulled out from the ground.From the plot, readers are able to pick out problem-solving skills from the characters, such as asking for assistance. The climax of the story happens on page 13 when six more characters were involved in pulling the turnip out of the ground, and it run offs the childrens attention to find out how the characters overcome the situation.CharacterizationThe characters in the storybook are life the akin as they appear like normal living being. Machado (2010) states that characters should be portrayed realistically and have experiences and emotions with which children can immediately identify (p. 289). Thus, this book has definitely met the book selection criteria.The protagonist in the story is a farmer. As the story continues, other characters develop one after another throughout the story to help the farmer. The story does not talk about the characters past, present and future as it focuses on how the farmer gets help from his family to pull the big turnip out of the ground.Based on the farmers dialogue, it shows that he is a jovial person. On page 5 and 7, the farmer was elated to find out that his plant had grown into an enormous turnip. At the end of the story on page 16, the farmer shows a sense of happiness as it states that the happy farmer ate turnip for years (William, 2002).Besides, this book also portrays an array of emotions found on the other characters dialogue on page 7, 9 and 11. It shows excitement yet their struggles in pulling out the turnip.SettingThe farmers garden is the main location where the story took place during daytime. Based on a western context, readers are able to opticize a realis tic event that occurred in the story which helps to build up on their prior knowledge of the images.ThemeThe theme of the story is able to relate to childrens understandings, needs and interests because underlying concept educates the importance of teamwork and unity. The farmer would not be able to pull the big turnip out of the ground without the help of his wife, son, daughter, dog, cat and mouse. It shows the significance of working towards a goal in harmony ace of mind.Style and DictionThe language used is simple and age-appropriate for children aged four to six. The language used is able to create mood from text such as exclaimed, cried and excited. The story involves a careful choice of words and rhythm such as they all pulled and pulled, but the turnip still would not come out With a predictable text, children are able to participate by reading aloud to themselves or a storyteller.And the book contains good diction as it contains phrases like eyes popped out from her head, luckily, fell backwards in a heap.Point of ViewThe author used a third person point of cod to write the story using pronoun like He, She and They. Objective point of view was used in the story as the author only tells what happen without stating more than what can be inferred from the storys action and dialogue (Literature, No Date).StereotypesIt is not reflected in the storybook.PersonificationIt is not reflected in the storybook.Visual elementsThe picture-books visual variety would kindle the interests of the children and arrest their visual attention. It is slightly smaller than an A4-sized book which words inside are of Arial font and appropriate font size. The space in between words and zephyr spacing are not cluttered. Hence, this popular fairytale facilitates easy one-on-one readings and independent reading.Cover pageOn the cover page, yellow, embroidered images on the borders of The Great Big Turnip give volume to the title and front illustrations. Every word in the title is capitalised and dark turquoise in colour. Below the title is a bright and colourful cartoon of the climax of the story, which is also slightly similar to the cartoon on page 14 and page 15.The clever illustration pass on intrigue readers as it shows just the giant turnip spinning out of the soil and several characters falling behind. It allows readers to think about what happened in the story.TextureIllustrations are two-dimensional which gives a visual texture and promotes imagery development.LineHeavy lines used give more precision and curved lines used depict liquidness which brings the characters to life. Jagged lines can be found on page 15s illustration of the spinning turnip, which enables the readers to sense danger.Colour and ShapeFurthermore, the cartoon characters stand out more as additional colours and geometric shapes are used to allow the reader to clearly differentiate all of them. Illustrations from page 13 are good examples, as when the characters are pulling the turnip out, the reader would not focus on other things such as the house far away or even the forest in the background.Colours such as brown used compliment the settings like the farmers wooden house and the soil in his garden. in that location is also more assertion and rigidity in the illustration of the farmer due to the geometric shapes used (Scott, 1989).Free-form shapes such as the cursive ends of the turnip on page 15 enable the reader to imagine the great amount of force when the turnip was pulled out (Scott, 1989).All in all, the visual elements of the picture-book nurture visual literacy which builds on the language development of child. They allow the facilitating readability and influencing recall of the text (Machado, 2010).

Adulery and Death Essay -- essays research papers

Adultery and DeathMany novels in American Literature contain the theme of the American Dream and how this dream is corrupted by the sins of adultery. In the novels Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters ideal lives are destroyed through their confide to attain someone that they cannot be with. Through their lust and their belief that anything is attainable, the characters of Hurstwood, Dimmesdale, and Gatsby ultimately pay the price of death through their dream.One thing that all(prenominal) of these characters had in common prior to their affairs was the fact they were all respected in their society. They were not outcasts until they started reaching for an obsession that they could not possible be with. In the case of Hurstwood, his attraction was to Carrie and inevitably led to his downfall. From the first time Hurstwood laid eyes on Carrie he started to ignore his wife. S oon his wife realized that something was deviation on and decides to file for a divorce, hire a detective, and locked him out of their house. Since all of their property is in her name, Hurstwood was left with nothing. After being kicked out of his house, Hurstwood moved to new-fangled York City with Carrie, once there he bought part of a nearby bar. This business started to fall apart and Hurstwood was forced to start looking ...

Investigating Osmosis in Potato Tissue :: Papers

Investigating Osmosis in Potato Tissue Aim To estimate the concentration of sucrose in white potato weave. Hypothesis ========== I believe that the potato tissue that has been in the hypotonic (0.1M sucrose) solution ordain be more turgid than before, while the tissue in the isotonic (0.3M sucrose) will be similar to its previous state. The tissue that has been in the hypertonic (0.5M sucrose) should be far more placid than it was before. This is because of osmosis - water diffusing in and give away of the potato tissue cells. Apparatus ========= 1 potato tubingr 1 cork borer 1 ceramic tile 1 scalpel Paper towels 6 boil tubes 1 marker pen 0.1M, 0.3M, and 0.5M sucrose solution Access to an electric balance 1 funnel Method ====== The volume of each boiling tube was calculated, and then 2 tubes were half-filled with 0.1M sucrose solution, 2 tubes were filled with 0.3M sucrose solution, while the final 2 tubes were fi lled with 0.5M sucrose solution. Then 6 cylinders of potato were screw from the tuber using the cork borer. These were then all cut down to 20mm in length using the scalpel. They were then dried with the paper towel to end excess water before being weighed on the electric balance. The weight of each was recorded. They were then all immersed in the solution in the boiling tubes, and the tubes were label using the marker pen and then lids were put on. They were then left for 24 hours in a moderate temperature before being taken out and dried using the paper towels. They were then weighed on the electric balance and the final mass was recorded. The cylinders were then gently squeezed to determine the condition of the potato tissue after osmosis - very firm (turgid), firm, or soft (flaccid). The percentage difference between the mass before and after the experiment was then calculated, and the